Foundational Neuroscience To understand this concept, there is a need to underst

Foundational Neuroscience
To understand this concept, there is a need to understand the meaning of the terminologies agonist and antagonist. An Agonist is described as a bond that connects with a receptor. After this bond is created, the receptor activates and a biology-based implication is observed. On the other hand, an antagonist prevents the bond from forming between the receptor and the chemical. The implication is the inverse of that of an agonist (Soler-Cedeno & Zi, 2022). The agonist spectrum could be grouped into four categories which include agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist. The agonist gives a medium through which the highest amount and frequency possible can pass through the binding site. On the other hand, the antagonist is located in the center of the spectrum where it remains in a constant state alongside the opening of the medium which is not frequent. In cases where the ion channel is inactive and closed, is referred to as an inverse agonist. Antagonists can obstruct anything in the agonist spectrum while at the same time bouncing back the ions into their constant state. The agonist is responsible for interacting with the receptor and resulting in a response whereas the antagonist functions by obstructing the receptor and the drug (Soler-Cedeno & Zi, 2022). An agonist triggers a response whereas the antagonist remains constant. For optimal therapeutic functioning of a drug, ion supply and signal transduction is necessary. It shouldn’t be too hot or too cold. The optimal state differs from one instance to another based on the common ground between agonism and antagonism.
Compare the Actions of G-Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels
The two above-named concepts operate in the two main concepts of receptor proteins. They function by opening and closing the postsynaptic ion channels. Ion-gated channels are directly connected to the first concept which is the inotropic receptor. It functions by linking neurotransmitters and spanning the membrane in the formation of ion channels. Hence, inotropic receptors merge these two functions into one major function called ligand-gated ion channels. They are made up of several individual protein units with unique roles.
On the other hand, g-molecules are involved where there are no ion channels. This is because they eliminate them through the activation of g molecules. Additionally, neurotransmitters are metabolic receptors. Therefore, they are monomeric proteins that perform the function of neurotransmitter binding in the extracellular aspect and combination into g-proteins in the intracellular aspect (Kim & Hibbs, 2021).
Role of Epigenetics in Pharmacologic Action
Epigenetics is the analysis of modifications that influence the phenotype without alteration of the genotype. It involves analyzing genetic but reversible alterations in genetic expressions without any changes to the main DNA sequence. Epigenetic techniques, more so circulating miRNAs have been utilized in the diagnostic biomarkers (Tsermpini et al., 2022). The control of epigenetic gene activity is significant in keeping the phenotypic activity of cells moderate. Additionally, it is also a nursing intervention in the aid of ailments such as cancer and neurodegenerative conditions, for example, dementia. To control epigenetic mechanisms, a group of drugs is administered. Additionally, they help control different ailments in people.
Impact of the Information on Prescription to Patients
Fathoming the pharmacology of medicines is significant when operating in a psychiatric mental institution as a nursing practitioner. This is because one must be informed on how effective the drug action would be on patients. The procedure followed during drug prescription is important for patients with mental issues since modifications caused by neurocognitive mechanisms might result to change in drugs. For instance, while attending to patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, it is necessary to understand drug action. This is because it is a severe neurodegenerative illness that easily develops and deteriorates (Liang et al., 2021). There is no cure for the illness but the clinical manifestations can be managed. The cure is under establishment through epigenetic modifications. Hence, being informed is essential when dealing with psychiatric patients to establish the focus of the nursing intervention by controlling the symptoms and reversing the progression of the illness.
References
Kim, J. J., & Hibbs, R. E. (2021). Direct structural insights into GABAA receptor pharmacology. Trends in biochemical sciences, 46(6), 502-517.
Liang, W., Zhang, K., Cao, P., Liu, X., Yang, J., & Zaiane, O. (2021). Rethinking modeling Alzheimer’s disease progression from a multi-task learning perspective with a deep recurrent neural network. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 138, 104935.
Soler-Cedeno, O., & Xi, Z. X. (2022). Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists as Pharmacotherapies for Substance Use Disorders: Rationale, Evidence, and Challenge. Cells, 11(20), 3262.
Tsermpini, E. E., Kalogirou, C. I., Kyriakopoulos, G. C., Patrinos, G. P., & Stathopoulos, C. (2022). MiRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacogenomic indicators in psychiatric disorders. The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 22(4), 211-222.
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