Write about a problem human viral pathogen: Norovirus. The following is a list o

Write about a problem human viral pathogen: Norovirus.
The following is a list of topics that you should cover in your paper, so make sure that you answer each aspect, but note that topic #7 is the most important. You should spend about 60-65% of your paper on topic #7. Hope for new treatments and prevention strategies is the most exciting thing about working in science!
–Please prepare a simple table for the questions posed in #1 and #2 below. Left column has the question, right column briefly states the answer(s). Once included in the table, there is no need to answer these items in the body of the paper: The table should be single-spaced, and should include references.
–Please include sub-topic headings for the other questions/areas of the paper in order to simplify grading.
1. What are the characteristics of the virus: type of genome, size of genome, naked/enveloped, receptor molecule if known? (What is a receptor vs an anti-receptor for a virus?? Make sure you provide the receptor, which is a host cell protein) You do not need to explain the details of the viral replication cycle for this assignment.
2. What is/are the common route(s) of transmission? Is there an arthropod vector (you should state that there is no vector, if that is the case)? What human populations are most at risk for a) infection and b) disease by this virus (make sure that you answer both!)? How are patients diagnosed (make sure to cover diagnostic methods we discussed in topic 14, not just the symptoms)? What is the mortality rate, by disease (e.g., dengue fever has a very low mortality rate, but it’s much higher for dengue hemorrhagic fever)? What is the natural reservoir of the virus? What is the worldwide distribution?
3. Is this a NEW virus to humans, or just NEW to scientific research? In other words, is there any evidence that the virus was infecting humans before it was first discovered/isolated? One paragraph is enough for this topic.
4. What diseases are caused in humans and what is known about how disease is caused? Are there any specific viral proteins that are known to play a specific role in disease (for example, proteins that block the immune response and hence lead to enhanced replication and disease)? One paragraph is usually enough for each of these topics.
5. In your opinion, is this likely to become a prevalent virus in humans? Note that some viruses are already highly prevalent. In that case, discuss what you think the future holds for your virus. You should briefly defend both sides of the argument: that infections will increase or decrease and what could lead to those possibilities. One or two paragraphs is enough for each of these topics.
6. What are some genetically related viruses that may be better characterized and studied as models for this virus (this topic is especially important for very newly discovered viruses, or for those that do not replicate well in cell culture. If your virus is already well characterized, then state that)? One or two paragraphs is enough for each of these topics.
7. What are areas of current research on this virus, in terms of development of animal models (to understand pathogenesis and to test effectiveness of candidate vaccines and anti-virals) as well as development of anti-virals and vaccines? It makes most sense to discuss animal models first, then to use that as a template to discuss vaccine and drug development. An effective paper will discuss all 3 of these areas, and in about equal proportions (unless one of the areas simply hasnât been researched yet). Also, make sure that you actually discuss the proposed mechanism of the drug or vaccine. What does it target? Why would that lead to a good vaccine or drug? You should address 2-3 vaccines and 2-3 drugs pretty effectively here. I am not looking for a summary of currently available anti-viral drugs; I would like to read about drugs that are currently in development (e.g., for HIV and Flu that already have good drugs available). In some cases, the virus is so new that drugs have only been tested in cultured cells. If so, that is fine to describe the efficacy of the drug but you should still describe the drug target(s). If nothing has been published in one of the areas, you should clearly state that. We have already learned about Flu vaccines, so you could write about efforts to make a pan-Flu vaccine or maybe a vaccine that would not have to be re-administered annually. Remember, your paper should spend about 60-65% of the words on just this section. Compare the various vaccines and anti-viral drugs currently in development and offer your opinion on the likelihood of these becoming useful tools to control the virus. Which is the best prospective vaccine/anti-viral drug, and why?
–Your paper should be double-spaced and 3000-3500 words (not including reference section). Write your paper in Times New Roman size 12 font, use Normal Margins, and state the word count on the title page (not including the references section). Figures/tables are fine for including in your paper.
–Additional reading outside of our assigned text will be essential to a well-written paper. PubMed searches are required. Review articles will be easier to understand, but primary articles will be more current. Web/Google searches may be faster for finding answers to specific questions.
–Please provide at least 20 references in your paper (e.g., Norton et al, 2015 in the body of the paper) with the full citations appearing at the end of the paper (e.g., Norton, T., Miller, E., Bhardwaj, N., & Landau, N. (2015). Vpx-containing dendritic cell vaccine induces CTLs and reactivates latent HIV-1 in vitro. Gene Therapy, 22, 11-20.).
–Have the references appear in the same order as they do in the paper body.
— Wikipedia references are not appropriate for scientific papers; however this may be a useful resource to get you started in your search for papers. The CDC website has good information on emerging viruses, but since that site is not peer-reviewed you shouldnât cite it (or other websites) too heavily.
— When I grade you on references, I want to see current references (last 2-3 years) for the current research aspect of the paper. Background references can be older.
— References should be numbered so that I can easily see how many you have used.
— Each reference should have the date listed in bold.
— Also, please insert page numbers in your paper to facilitate my ability to count the number of pages.
–I don’t care which referencing style you use. If you just want an example to follow, feel free to use APA style (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style)
–Note that many students lose points on this assignment for not answering all of the questions outlined in this description. You will earn a higher score if you go back and verify that you have answered them all, and that you have answered them directly (in other words, make it easy for me to find the answers to all of the questions, too!)
–Another common reason for loss of points is that spelling and grammar do matter here: 10 points are available for making sure that your paper is coherent, no spelling mistakes, etc. Part of the purpose for proofreading is to eliminate these mistakes!
–Plagiarism: You will turn in this assignment via TurnItIn. This tool allows me to quickly determine if any parts of your paper were copied from other sources.
–You should NOT directly copy any text from any other source, even if you cite that source. One of the main purposes of an assignment like this is for students to work to process the information that they are reading, and then to re-state that information in their own words. So, putting quotation marks around a direct quote (while not technically plagiarizing) is also not acceptable for this assignment.