1. List 3 symptoms the patient exhibits and the patho principles.
Edema or fluid retention, is one of the symptoms of heart failure. When a patient has left-sided heart failure, there is less blood being pumped into the systemic circulation which affects the kidneys. When this happens, the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosteronesystem is activated an ultimately leads to the fluid retention. As fluid is retained, the extra fluid potentially can become backed up into the lungs in the pulmonary veins and capillaries. This increases the pressure in the pulmonary artery and then the fluid can move from the vessels to the interstitial space. This then causes pulmonary edema. In the alveoli, when there is excess fluid, it is more difficult and takes longer to exchange the 02 and C02. This causes the symptoms of dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles (Marshall, 2021)
2. What role does hypertrophy play in heart failure?
One of the more common causes of heart failure is long-standing hypertension(Marshall, 2021). As arterial pressure increases, it is harder for the left ventricle to pump blood out into the hypertensive systemic circulation. This causes the left ventricle to alterlit’s cells and “bulk up” to compensate (Marshall, 2021). The muscles of the left ventricle hypertrophy in order to contract with more force and pump the blood out of the heart. Also, due to an increase in muscle mass, there is a higher oxygen demand, but at the same time, the coronaries are squeezed so much that there is less blood supply to the tissues. Over time, that combination of the two can lead to weaker contractions of the ventricle.
3. Does this patient have Ischemic disease? Why or why not?
This patient may not necessarily have ischemic disease. Heart failure can have many causes or a combination of sources. One of the most common causes of left-sided heart failure is damage to the myocardium or ischemic heart disease. Other causes are long-standing hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and aortic stenosis (Marshall, 2021).
4. What is Virchow’s Triad?
Virchow’s Triad consists of risk factors that can potentially lead to a person developing venous thrombosis (Kushner et al., 2020). These three risk factors include hypercoagulability, venous stasis, and endothelial injury.
References
Kushner A, West WP, Pillarisetty LS. Virchow Triad. [Updated 2020 Sep 13]. In: StatPearls[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539697/
Marshall, T. [Osmosis]. (2021, September 9).Heart Failure – Osmosis[Video]. Osmosis.https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Heart_failure?from=/playlist/S0vJ5Tt57TC
***PLEASE NOTE THE INSTRUCTION***
PLEASE PARAPHRASE THE CASE STUDY.
1. List 3 symptoms the patient exhibits and the patho principles. Edema or fluid
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