Discussion #4 Chapter 10. Contraception Students, the Discussion is based on a c

Discussion #4
Chapter 10. Contraception
Students, the Discussion is based on a chapter 10 review in order for the student to earn all the points, it requires to follow the instructions below:
1. explaining your understanding the chapter of your choice.
2. You may include examples, experiences, and theories.
Note: that each paragraph is a writing structure that requires a minimum of five sentences.
These five or more sentences should represent a valid knowledge of the topic.
Class Book
Title: Our Sexuality
Authors: R. Crooks, K. Baur, and L. Widman
Edition: 14th Edition – Year 2021
Publisher: Cengage
ISBN #: 13-978035730750
Summary
Historical and Social Perspectives
• From the beginning of recorded history, humankind has been concerned about birth control.
• Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinics in the United States at a time when it was illegal to provide birth control information and devices.
• Objections to contraception stem from Roman Catholic doctrine and far-right anti-contraception beliefs. However, most church members in the United States approve of and use some kind of artificial contraception.
Sharing Responsibility and Choosing a Birth Control Method
• A man can share contraceptive responsibility with his female partner by getting informed, asking a new partner about birth control, accompanying his partner to her exam, using condoms and/or coital abstinence if the couple chooses, and sharing the expense of the exam and contraceptive method.
• Comparison of convenience, safety, cost, and effectiveness may influence the choice of contraception.
• People who feel guilty, have negative attitudes about sexuality, and do not talk with their partners about contraception are less likely to use contraception effectively than are people who have positive attitudes about sexuality.
Hormone-Based Contraceptives
• Four types of oral contraceptives are available. The constant-dose combination pill contains steady doses of estrogen and progestin. The triphasic pill provides fluctuations of estrogen and progestin levels throughout the menstrual cycle. The extended-cycle pill reduces menstrual cycles to four per year. The progestin-only pill consists of low-dose progestin.
• Advantages of oral contraceptives include high effectiveness and lack of interference with sexual activity. Birth control pills are also associated with lower incidences of uterine, ovarian, and colon cancer. An additional advantage is reduction of menstrual flow and cramps. The advantage of the progestin-only pill is the reduced chance of side effects from estrogen. The vaginal ring (NuvaRing), the transdermal patch (Ortho Evra), and the injectable Depo-Provera are hormone-based contraceptives that do not require remembering to take a pill each day.
• Disadvantages of hormone-based contraceptives include possible side effects such as a slight increase in the likelihood of blood clots, an increase in migraine headaches, nausea, fluid retention, irregular bleeding, and reduced sexual interest. Disadvantages of the progestin-only pill include irregular bleeding and the possibility of additional side effects. In general, the health risks of oral contraceptives are far lower than those from pregnancy and birth.
• Depo-Provera is an injectable contraceptive that lasts for 3 months.
Barrier and Spermicide Methods
• Condoms are available in a variety of styles. Advantages include protection from sexually transmitted infections and availability as a backup method. Disadvantages include interruption of sexual activity if the couple do not incorporate its use into their sex play. A female condom has also been developed.
• Vaginal spermicides (including contraceptive foam, the sponge, vaginal suppositories, creams and jellies, and contraceptive film) are available without a prescription. Advantages of vaginal spermicides include lack of serious side effects and added lubrication. Disadvantages include low level of effectiveness unless used with a condom, possible irritation of genital tissues, and interruption of sexual activity.
• Advantages of cervical barrier methods include lack of side effects, high effectiveness with knowledgeable and consistent use, and possible promotion of vaginal health. Disadvantages include interruption of sexual activity, potential irritation from the spermicidal cream or jelly, and possible misplacement during insertion or intercourse.
Intrauterine Devices
• There is one non-hormonal IUD—ParaGard—and four hormonal IUDs—Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena, and Liletta—currently available in the United States. Advantages of the IUD include uninterrupted sexual interaction and simplicity of use. Disadvantages include the possibilities of increased cramping and spontaneous expulsion. Uterine perforation is rare. The IUD increases risk of pelvic inflammatory disease for women with multiple partners.
Emergency Contraception
• Plan B, oral contraceptives, and the ParaGard IUD can be used for emergency contraception when a woman has had unprotected intercourse.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Contraceptive methods based on the menstrual cycle—including the calendar, standard days, mucus, basal body temperature, and symptothermal methods—help in planning intercourse to avoid a woman’s fertile period.
Sterilization
• At this time sterilization should be considered permanent. A decision to be sterilized should be carefully evaluated.
• Tubal implant is the sterilization procedure most commonly performed for women. It does not alter a woman’s hormone levels or menstrual cycle or the timing of menopause. There are recent concerns about side-effects that women should carefully consider.
• Vasectomy, the sterilization procedure for men, is not effective for birth control immediately after surgery because sperm remain in the vas deferens above the incision.
Less Reliable Methods
• The withdrawal method and douching are not reliable methods of contraception.
• The lactational amenorrhea method can be used by a woman in the first six months after childbirth if she is breastfeeding and has not restarted menstruation. Backup methods should also be considered.
New Directions in Contraception
• Possible contraceptive methods for males in the future include the use of hormones and nonhormonal methods to reduce the production and motility of sperm.
• Possible future contraceptive methods for females include nonhormonal contraception, variations of the IUD, and new methods for delivering hormones.
Discussion #4
Chapter 10. Contraception
Students, the Discussion is based on a chapter 10 review in order for the student to earn all the points, it requires to follow the instructions below:
1. explaining your understanding the chapter of your choice.
2. You may include examples, experiences, and theories.
Note: that each paragraph is a writing structure that requires a minimum of five sentences.
These five or more sentences should represent a valid knowledge of the topic.
Class Book
Title: Our Sexuality
Authors: R. Crooks, K. Baur, and L. Widman
Edition: 14th Edition – Year 2021
Publisher: Cengage
ISBN #: 13-978035730750
Summary
Historical and Social Perspectives
• From the beginning of recorded history, humankind has been concerned about birth control.
• Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinics in the United States at a time when it was illegal to provide birth control information and devices.
• Objections to contraception stem from Roman Catholic doctrine and far-right anti-contraception beliefs. However, most church members in the United States approve of and use some kind of artificial contraception.
Sharing Responsibility and Choosing a Birth Control Method
• A man can share contraceptive responsibility with his female partner by getting informed, asking a new partner about birth control, accompanying his partner to her exam, using condoms and/or coital abstinence if the couple chooses, and sharing the expense of the exam and contraceptive method.
• Comparison of convenience, safety, cost, and effectiveness may influence the choice of contraception.
• People who feel guilty, have negative attitudes about sexuality, and do not talk with their partners about contraception are less likely to use contraception effectively than are people who have positive attitudes about sexuality.
Hormone-Based Contraceptives
• Four types of oral contraceptives are available. The constant-dose combination pill contains steady doses of estrogen and progestin. The triphasic pill provides fluctuations of estrogen and progestin levels throughout the menstrual cycle. The extended-cycle pill reduces menstrual cycles to four per year. The progestin-only pill consists of low-dose progestin.
• Advantages of oral contraceptives include high effectiveness and lack of interference with sexual activity. Birth control pills are also associated with lower incidences of uterine, ovarian, and colon cancer. An additional advantage is reduction of menstrual flow and cramps. The advantage of the progestin-only pill is the reduced chance of side effects from estrogen. The vaginal ring (NuvaRing), the transdermal patch (Ortho Evra), and the injectable Depo-Provera are hormone-based contraceptives that do not require remembering to take a pill each day.
• Disadvantages of hormone-based contraceptives include possible side effects such as a slight increase in the likelihood of blood clots, an increase in migraine headaches, nausea, fluid retention, irregular bleeding, and reduced sexual interest. Disadvantages of the progestin-only pill include irregular bleeding and the possibility of additional side effects. In general, the health risks of oral contraceptives are far lower than those from pregnancy and birth.
• Depo-Provera is an injectable contraceptive that lasts for 3 months.
Barrier and Spermicide Methods
• Condoms are available in a variety of styles. Advantages include protection from sexually transmitted infections and availability as a backup method. Disadvantages include interruption of sexual activity if the couple do not incorporate its use into their sex play. A female condom has also been developed.
• Vaginal spermicides (including contraceptive foam, the sponge, vaginal suppositories, creams and jellies, and contraceptive film) are available without a prescription. Advantages of vaginal spermicides include lack of serious side effects and added lubrication. Disadvantages include low level of effectiveness unless used with a condom, possible irritation of genital tissues, and interruption of sexual activity.
• Advantages of cervical barrier methods include lack of side effects, high effectiveness with knowledgeable and consistent use, and possible promotion of vaginal health. Disadvantages include interruption of sexual activity, potential irritation from the spermicidal cream or jelly, and possible misplacement during insertion or intercourse.
Intrauterine Devices
• There is one non-hormonal IUD—ParaGard—and four hormonal IUDs—Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena, and Liletta—currently available in the United States. Advantages of the IUD include uninterrupted sexual interaction and simplicity of use. Disadvantages include the possibilities of increased cramping and spontaneous expulsion. Uterine perforation is rare. The IUD increases risk of pelvic inflammatory disease for women with multiple partners.
Emergency Contraception
• Plan B, oral contraceptives, and the ParaGard IUD can be used for emergency contraception when a woman has had unprotected intercourse.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Contraceptive methods based on the menstrual cycle—including the calendar, standard days, mucus, basal body temperature, and symptothermal methods—help in planning intercourse to avoid a woman’s fertile period.
Sterilization
• At this time sterilization should be considered permanent. A decision to be sterilized should be carefully evaluated.
• Tubal implant is the sterilization procedure most commonly performed for women. It does not alter a woman’s hormone levels or menstrual cycle or the timing of menopause. There are recent concerns about side-effects that women should carefully consider.
• Vasectomy, the sterilization procedure for men, is not effective for birth control immediately after surgery because sperm remain in the vas deferens above the incision.
Less Reliable Methods
• The withdrawal method and douching are not reliable methods of contraception.
• The lactational amenorrhea method can be used by a woman in the first six months after childbirth if she is breastfeeding and has not restarted menstruation. Backup methods should also be considered.
New Directions in Contraception
• Possible contraceptive methods for males in the future include the use of hormones and nonhormonal methods to reduce the production and motility of sperm.
• Possible future contraceptive methods for females include nonhormonal contraception, variations of the IUD, and new methods for delivering hormones.